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Argula von Grumbach
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach

Argula von Grumbach (née von Stauff, l. 1490 to c. 1564) was a Bavarian theologian, writer, and reformer, who became a controversial figure after her 1523 letter To the University of Ingolstadt protesting the arrest of a young scholar for...
Ten Women of the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Women of the Protestant Reformation

Women played a vital role in the Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) not only by supporting the major reformers as wives but also through their own literary and political influence. Their contributions were largely marginalized in the past...
Knights' Revolt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Knights' Revolt

The Knight’s Revolt (1522-1523) was a military action led by the German imperial knight Franz von Sickingen (l. 1481-1523) and encouraged by the knight and writer Ulrich von Hutten (l. 1488-1523) launched to restore the status of the imperial...
Katharina von Bora
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Katharina von Bora

Katharina von Bora (l. 1499-1552, also known as Katherine Luther) was a former nun who married Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in 1525. She, along with some fellow nuns, escaped their convent with Luther's help in 1523 in response to his reform...
Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Protestant Reformation Facts You Need to Know

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) was one of the most significant cultural, political, and religious events in the history of Europe and helped shape the modern world. It was a complex event spanning over 100 years, which radically changed...
Diet of Worms
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms (January-May 1521) was the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) who openly criticized the Church. Luther was told to recant...
The Medieval Church
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Medieval Church

Religious practice in medieval Europe (c. 476-1500) was dominated and informed by the Catholic Church. The majority of the population was Christian, and "Christian" at this time meant "Catholic" as there was initially no other form of that...
Anton Bruckner by von Kaulbach
Image by Hermann von Kaulbach

Anton Bruckner by von Kaulbach

An 1885 oil-on-carton portrait by Hermann von Kaulbach of the Austrian composer Anton Bruckner (1824-96). (Oberösterreichische Landesmuseen)
James II of Scotland by von Ehingen
Image by Jörg von Ehingen

James II of Scotland by von Ehingen

A portrait of James II of Scotland (r. 1437-1460 CE) by Jörg von Ehingen. 1450s CE. (Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart, Germany)
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
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