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Kojiki
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kojiki

The Kojiki ('Record of Ancient Things') is the oldest book of Japanese history and the oldest text of any kind from Japan. Compiled in 712 CE by the court scholar Ono Yasumaro, the work begins with the gods and the creation of the world...
Samurai Sword
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Samurai Sword

Swords used by Japanese samurai were renowned for the craftsmanship which produced strong yet flexible curved steel blades with a single, super-sharp cutting edge. Produced from the 8th century CE onwards and symbolic of the samurai's elevated...
Ryujin
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ryujin

Ryujin (aka Ryu-o) is the dragon king, sea god, and master of serpents in Japanese mythology. With his magic jewels he is responsible for the tides, and he represents both the perils and bounty of the sea and so was especially relevant to...
Kagutsuchi
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kagutsuchi

Kagutsuchi (aka Hi-no-Kagutsuchi) is the Shinto god or kami of fire and is also known as Homusubi. The son of Izanami and Izanagi, the fire god is the father of eight warrior gods and eight mountain gods, amongst others. Such a destructive...
Dublin Castle & the Dubhlinn Gardens
Image by J.-H. Janßen

Dublin Castle & the Dubhlinn Gardens

Dublin Castle was for centuries the seat of English and British rule in Ireland. The original castle was constructed by the Norman invaders on the order of King John of England (r. 1199-1216) in 1204. Today, most of the castle consists of...
Mesopotamian Record of Barley
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Mesopotamian Record of Barley

On this clay tablet, barley appears 4 times, depicted as a single stalk with ears at the top. Emmer wheat is different from barley, by writing numbers with extra strokes. Three different types of numerical symbol were used. From Mesopotamia...
Sandal Ivory Label of Pharaoh Den
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Sandal Ivory Label of Pharaoh Den

One of the Egyptian king's principal duties was to defend and expand the borders of Egypt. This ivory label, once tied to a pair of sandals, depicts king Den smiting a foreigner from the east. Rock carvings of Den near the turquoise mines...
Mummy Label from Roman Egypt
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Mummy Label from Roman Egypt

This is a pinewood mummy label of Tasherithorsiese. She was the daughter of Pa-Akhem-Hor and Tasheritpashy. There are four lines of a demotic script; the other side (not shown) contains 3 lines of Greek inscription. Roman Period, 2nd century...
Mummy Label from Graeo-Roman Egypt
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Mummy Label from Graeo-Roman Egypt

This mummy label was made of green glazed composition. There is a large suspension loop at the upper margin. A Greek inscription can be seen. Graeco-Roman Period, 332 BCE to 380 CE. From Egypt, precise provenance of excavation is unknown...
Plotinus
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Plotinus

Plotinus (c. 204-270) was a Platonic philosopher born in Lycopolis, Egypt. Although the story of his life was written down by his student Porphyry, few biographical details are included because Plotinus rejected the physical world of appearances...
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