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Definition
State of Nature
The state of nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). It refers to a state of existence...
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France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...
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The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...
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Money of the Chu State, China
The Chu State in south-east China had a unique culture of its own, yet also interacted with other states. This is reflected in the variety of its coinage: small bronze coins (known as "ant-nose" money modelled on cowrie shells), spade money...
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Law of Separation of Churches and the State
Law of Separation of Churches and the State, 1905.
National Archives of France.
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Vienna State Opera, c. 1898
A photograph by Josef Löwy of the Vienna State Opera House, taken around 1898 when the composer Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was its director.
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British Imperial State Crown
The Imperial State Crown of the monarchy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island. Used in coronations and other state events, it contains the famous Black Prince’s ruby (actually a balas or spinel), the Cullinan II diamond...
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Prunksaal (State Hall), Austrian National Library, Vienna
Prunksaal (State Hall) is the central structure of the old imperial library and part of the Hofburg palace in Vienna, Austria. It was build between 1721-1723. Located in the hall are marble statues of emperors and the statue of emperor Charles...
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State Hall, Austrian National Library, Vienna
Prunksaal (State Hall) is the central structure of the old imperial library and part of the Hofburg palace in Vienna, Austria. It was build between 1721-1723 and it housed about 200,000 books.
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Separation of the Church and the State
Caricature depicting the separation of the church and the state, published in Le Rire, 1905.
National Library of France, Paris.
