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The Forty-Two Judges
The Forty-Two Judges were divine entities associated with the afterlife in ancient Egypt and, specifically, the judgment of the soul in the Hall of Truth. The soul would recite the Negative Confession in their presence as well as other gods...
Definition
Field of Reeds (Aaru)
A'Aru (The Field of Reeds) was the Egyptian afterlife, an idealized vision of one's life on earth (also known as Sekhet-A'Aru and translated as The Field of Rushes). Death was not the end of life but a transition to another part of one's...
Article
Schooldays: Sumerian Satire & the Scribal Life
Schooldays (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian poem describing the daily life of a young scribe in the schools of Mesopotamia. The work takes the form of a first-person narration and dialogue in relating the challenges the student faces and how he...
Article
Egyptian Afterlife - The Field of Reeds
The ancient Egyptians believed that life on earth was only one part of an eternal journey which ended, not in death, but in everlasting joy. When one's body failed, the soul did not die with it but continued on toward an afterlife where one...
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The Field of the Cloth of Gold
An oil painting dating to c. 1545 CE illustrating the 'Field of the Cloth of Gold', a magnificent pageant held near Calais in June 1520 CE as a show of friendship between Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and Francis I of France (r...
Image Gallery
Ancient China - A Collection of Culture
In this gallery, we showcase some of China's historical landmarks. China is one of the oldest cultures in the world, beginning over 7000 years ago with the Chinese "Cradle of Civilization" in the Yellow River Valley of Henan Province. Among...
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Virtue Triumphant over Vice by Mantegna
The painting Virtue Triumphant over Vice by the Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431-1506 CE). Completed c. 1502 CE. (Louvre, Paris)
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Starry Night over the Rhône by van Gogh
An 1888 oil on canvas painting, Starry Night over the Rhône, by Vincent van Gogh (1853-90), the Dutch post-impressionist artist. Painted in September in Arles, southern France. His letters reveal that Vincent had planned for some time to...
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Detail of the Lamentation over the Dead Christ by Botticelli
A detail showing Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene from the 'Lamentation over the Dead Christ' by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510 CE). 1490-2 CE. (Alte Pinakothek, Munich)
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Treaty Establishing Hittite Domination over Aleppo
This clay tablet is known as the "Aleppo Treaty". The treaty was drawn up between the Hittite king Mursili II and Talmi-sharruma (king of Aleppo). It was written in Akkadian, the diplomatic language of the time. The tablet begins with a reminder...