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George Berkeley
Definition by Mark Cartwright

George Berkeley

George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Anglo-Irish bishop and an empiricist and idealist philosopher. He infamously claimed that no matter exists outside of God and that things only exist outside of our minds and perceptions because God perceives...
Bacon's Rebellion
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) was the first full-scale armed insurrection in Colonial America pitting the landowner Nathaniel Bacon (l. 1647-1676) and his supporters of black and white indentured servants and African slaves against his cousin-by-marriage...
Edward II of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward II of England

Edward II of England reigned as king from 1307 to 1327 CE. Succeeding his father Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307 CE), his reign saw a disastrous defeat to the Scots at Bannockburn in June 1314 CE, and the king's lack of political and military...
George Berkeley & the Bermuda Group
Image by John Smibert

George Berkeley & the Bermuda Group

A c. 1730 oil-on-canvas painting, the Bermuda Group, by John Smibert. Shown standing on the far right of the picture is the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753) who tried to assemble funding for new educational institutions...
Manila Galleon
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Manila Galleon

The Manila galleons were Spanish treasure ships which transported precious goods like silk, spices, and porcelain from Manila in the Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico, between 1565 and 1815. The Atlantic treasure fleets then shipped some of...
John Wesley Gilbert
Definition by Prof. John W. I. Lee / Oxford University Press

John Wesley Gilbert

Born into slavery in rural Georgia, John Wesley Gilbert (1863-1923) rose to national prominence as a scholar, teacher, community leader, and Christian missionary. During 1890-91, he was the first African American member of the American School...
Westward Exploration and Settlement of the United States c.1850
Image by Simeon Netchev

Westward Exploration and Settlement of the United States c.1850

A map illustrating the patterns and routes of westward exploration and settlement in the United States after the “Louisiana Purchase” from France in 1803. As Napoleonic dreams of a great North American Empire gave way to French hegemonic...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
George Berkeley by Smibert
Image by John Smibert

George Berkeley by Smibert

A 1720s oil-on-canvas portrait by John Smibert of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753). (National Portrait Gallery, London)
George Berkeley by Hart
Image by Alfred C. Hart

George Berkeley by Hart

A 19th-century portrait by Alfred C. Hart of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley (1685-1753).
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