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State of Nature
Definition by Mark Cartwright

State of Nature

The state of nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). It refers to a state of existence...
The Iraq Museum & Three Wars: Three Steps from Hell
Article by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Iraq Museum & Three Wars: Three Steps from Hell

This article documents and elaborates on the many critical behind-the-scenes events, unknown to the public, before the history leaves us. The author The bulk of the “the land between the two rivers” lies in what we call today the...
Knife Money from Ancient China
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Knife Money from Ancient China

Knife money of the Warring States period retained some features of the real tools, including the ring and the strengethening ridges on the handle. The States in the north and north-east issued knife money. 1. Zhao State, circa 500 BCE...
Spade Money from Ancient China
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Spade Money from Ancient China

During the Warring States period, 475-221 BCE, the various states used different forms of spade money. There are several weight systems, and this is reflected in the inscriptions. 2. Zhou State, 300s BCE, Warring States period. 3. Wei...
Money of the Chu State, China
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Money of the Chu State, China

The Chu State in south-east China had a unique culture of its own, yet also interacted with other states. This is reflected in the variety of its coinage: small bronze coins (known as "ant-nose" money modelled on cowrie shells), spade money...
Vienna State Opera, c. 1898
Image by Josef Löwy

Vienna State Opera, c. 1898

A photograph by Josef Löwy of the Vienna State Opera House, taken around 1898 when the composer Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was its director.
Gojoseon
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Gojoseon

Gojoseon (Gochoson or Old Choson) was an ancient kingdom which ruled northern Korea in the second half of the first millennium BCE. Gojoseon possessed the most advanced culture in the Korean peninsula at that time and was an important marker...
Homolovi State Park, Arizona
Video by AZStateParks

Homolovi State Park, Arizona

Homolovi State Park in Winslow, AZ, in the US serves as a center of research for the late migration period of the Ancestral Puebloan people and the Hopi from the 1200s to the late 1300s CE. (Video produced by KAET-TV Eight PBS. Used with...
Gustav Mahler
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Gustav Mahler

Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was an Austrian-Bohemian composer best known for his song-cycles and his grand, sweeping symphonies, which often require expanded orchestras for their full performance. Mahler, a composer of Late-Romantic music and...
Punt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Punt

The Land of Punt was a region in Africa (most likely Somalia) referenced by inscriptions of ancient Egypt initially as a partner in trade and, later, as a semimythical country rich in resources and exotic goods. It is best known from the...
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