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Thames Tunnel
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Thames Tunnel

The Thames Tunnel was completed in 1843 and connects the two banks of the River Thames at Rotherhithe and Wapping in London. The 20-year project was masterminded by Marc Isambard Brunel (1769-1849) and was both the first tunnel to be built...
Indus Valley Civilization
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Indus Valley Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization was a cultural and political entity which flourished in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent between c. 7000 - c. 600 BCE. Its modern name derives from its location in the valley of the Indus River...
Aryan
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Aryan

Aryan is a designation originally meaning “civilized”, “noble”, or “free” without reference to any ethnicity. It was first applied as a self-identifying term by a migratory group of people from Central Asia later known as Indo-Iranians (who...
Cross-Section Diagrams of the Thames Tunnel
Image by Science Museum, London

Cross-Section Diagrams of the Thames Tunnel

1827 cross-section diagrams by T. Blood of the Thames Tunnel, completed in 1843. (Science Museum, London)
Thames Tunnel Illustration
Image by Science Museum, London

Thames Tunnel Illustration

An 1830 coloured illustration by R.H. Laurie of the Thames Tunnel in London. Designed by Marc Isambard Brunel, the tunnel was completed in 1843. (Science Museum, London)
Civilization
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Civilization

Civilization (from the Latin civis=citizen and civitas=city) is a term applied to any society which has developed a writing system, government, production of surplus food, division of labor, and urbanization. The term is difficult to define...
Conway Cabal
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Conway Cabal

The Conway Cabal was a movement undertaken by American military officers and political leaders to remove General George Washington from command of the Continental Army during the winter of 1777-78. These Patriot leaders had lost confidence...
Script
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Script

Script is the written expression of a language. Cuneiform, the first script, was invented in Sumer, Mesopotamia c. 3500 BCE, hieroglyphics sometime prior to the Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150-2613 BCE), and Sanskrit in India during...
Religious Developments in Ancient India
Article by Sanujit

Religious Developments in Ancient India

For well over 1,000 years, sacred stories and heroic epics have made up the mythology of Hinduism. Nothing in these complex yet colourful legends is fixed and firm. Pulsing with creation, destruction, love, and war, it shifts and changes...
First-Wave / Earliest Civilizations
Image by Simeon Netchev

First-Wave / Earliest Civilizations

A map illustrating the earliest stages of human civilization spanning from c. 8000 BCE to 2000 BCE. It showcases the emergence of organized societies, agricultural practices, and the origins of urbanization.
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