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Kingdom of Kongo
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kingdom of Kongo

The Kingdom of Kongo (14-19th century CE) was located on the western coast of central Africa in modern-day DR of Congo and Angola. Prospering on the regional trade of copper, ivory, and slaves along the Congo River, the kingdom's wealth was...
Venus with Drawers
Image by Art Institute of Chicago

Venus with Drawers

The “Venus de Milos with Drawers” (1936) by Salvador Dalí (painted plaster statue, 98 cm; ArtIC ref. no. 2005.424); courtesy of The Art Institute, Chicago (through prior gift of Mrs. Gilbert W. Chapman). © Salvador Dalí, Fundació Gala-Salvador...
Proclamation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812
Image by Salvador Viniegra

Proclamation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812

Proclamation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 by the Cortés de Cádiz during the Peninsular War, image by Salvador Viniegra, 1912.
Battle of Guadelete (711 CE)
Image by Martinez Cubells

Battle of Guadelete (711 CE)

Batalla de Guadalete (Spanish for "The Battle of Guadalete") by the Spanish painter Salvador Martinez Cubells (1845-1914 CE). The painting depicts the historical Battle of Guadalete in 711 CE, fought between the Umayyad Caliphate and Rodric...
The Maya Calendar, Culture and History: an Introduction to a Mesoamerican Civilization
Video by Kelly Macquire

The Maya Calendar, Culture and History: an Introduction to a Mesoamerican Civilization

The Maya are a people indigenous to Mexico and Central America who have continuously inhabited the modern regions of Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and...
Pedro de Alvarado
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Pedro de Alvarado

Pedro de Alvarado (c. 1485-1541) was a Spanish conquistador who became the first governor of Guatemala in 1527. Living an extraordinary life of adventure, Alvarado participated in separate expeditions to Mexico, Central America, South America...
Portuguese Brazil
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Portuguese Brazil

With a wealth of natural resources, Brazil was by far the most important colony in the Portuguese empire and was, at one time or another, the world’s leading producer of sugar, diamonds, and tobacco. Colonised from the 1530s, most settlements...
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Book Review by Joshua J. Mark

Lost Kingdoms of the Maya

The Maya of Mexico and Central America have continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. The `Mysterious...
Slavery in Plantation Agriculture
Article by James Hancock

Slavery in Plantation Agriculture

The first plantations in the Americas of sugar cane, cocoa, tobacco, and cotton were maintained and harvested by African slaves controlled by European masters. When African slavery was largely abolished in the mid-1800s, the center of plantation...
The Iberian Conquest of the Americas
Article by James Hancock

The Iberian Conquest of the Americas

European explorers began to probe the Western Hemisphere in the early 1500s, and they found to their utter amazement not only a huge landmass but also a world filled with several diverse and populous indigenous cultures. Among their most...
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