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Roger I, also known as Roger Bosso (c. 1031-1101) was a Norman knight and adventurer best known for conquering The Emirate of Sicily during the 11th century. His lifelong efforts helped lay the foundations of a wealthy new Mediterranean state...

Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) was a Norman knight best known for conquering much of Southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th century. His many exploits include the expulsion of the Byzantines from Italy, support of a reformist papacy, and...

The Jolly Roger with its white skull and crossbones set against a black background has become a rather jovial part of pirate folklore but, in its day, this flag and others with similar blood-curdling designs, had a single and terrifying purpose...

The trifollaro was a copper coin minted in southern Italy under the Normans. Count Roger I of Sicily (reigned 1071–1101) minted both folles and trifollari at Mileto.

Painting of Robert Guiscard and Roger Bosso receiving the keys to the city of Palermo. The city fell to Norman armies in January 1072, after nearly six months of siege. Fresco by Guiseppe Patania, Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo, 1830.

The heraldic symbol of Roger I of Sicily (r. 1071-1101).

Robert Guiscard and Count Roger, the oldest and youngest Hauteville brothers of Tancred de Hauteville's second marriage. Often working together, they both played major roles in the Norman conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th...

Roger Williams (l. 1603-1683 CE) was a Puritan separatist minister best known for his conflict with both the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633-1635 CE, resulting in his banishment and founding of the colony of Providence...

The Jolly Roger, a flag used by pirates and first documented c. 1700. The term 'Jolly Roger' actually referred to any design of pirate flag using macabre imagery. These flags were designed to instill terror into victims and bring immediate...

Statue of Roger Williams (l. 1603-1683 CE), founder of Providence, in the Roger Williams Park, Providence, Rhode Island.