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Richard III of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Richard III of England

Richard III of England ruled as king from 1483 to 1485 CE. Richard succeeded Edward V of England (r. Apr-Jun 1483 CE), the son of Edward IV of England (r. 1461-1470 CE & 1471-1483 CE) in mysterious circumstances. The young Edward V and...
Richard I of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Richard I of England

Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart (Cœur de Lion), reigned as king of England from 1189 to 1199 CE. The son of Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Eleanor of Aquitaine (c. 1122-1204 CE), Richard was known for...
Sarah Josepha Hale
Image by James Reid Lambdin

Sarah Josepha Hale

Sarah Josepha Hale (l. 1788-1879 CE), the writer and editor of the popular periodical Godey’s Lady’s Boo campaigned for the national observance of Thanksgiving Day beginning in 1846 CE. Painting by James Reid Lambdin (1807-1889 CE) Richard's...
Wars of the Roses
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) was a dynastic conflict between the English nobility and monarchy which led to four decades of intermittent battles, executions, and murder plots. The English elite was split into two camps, each centred...
Richard II of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Richard II of England

Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. The son of the late Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), Richard would succeed his grandfather Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE), but as he was only 10 years of age, he...
Celtic Warrior with Spear
Image by Stephen Reid

Celtic Warrior with Spear

An illustration by Stephen Reid of a Celtic warrior with a spear. (Internet Book Archive image. From page 330 of "Myths and Legends; the Celtic Race", Rolleston, T.W., Boston-Nickerson, 1910)
Richard, Duke of York
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Richard, Duke of York

Richard, 3rd Duke of York (l. 1411-1460 CE) was the richest man in England and one of the nobles who sparked off the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE), a dynastic dispute that rumbled on for four decades between several English kings, queens...
Battle of Bosworth
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Bosworth

At the Battle of Bosworth (aka Bosworth Field) in Leicestershire on 22 August 1485 CE, the Yorkist king Richard III of England (r. 1483-1485 CE) faced an invading army led by Henry Tudor, the figurehead of the Lancastrians. It was to be a...
The Plantagenets
Collection by Mark Cartwright

The Plantagenets

The Plantagenets, sometimes referred to as the Angevin-Plantagenets, were the ruling dynasty of England from 1154 to 1485 CE. The name Angevin derives from the family's ancestral lands in Anjou, France and the term Plantagenet (perhaps) from...
The Wars of the Roses: Consequences & Effects
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Wars of the Roses: Consequences & Effects

The Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE) was a dynastic conflict where the nobility and monarchs of England intermittently battled for supremacy over a period of four decades. Besides the obvious consequences of Lancastrian and Yorkist kings...
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