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Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester

Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester (l. 1602-1671), was a Parliamentarian commander during the English Civil Wars (1642-1651). He led the Eastern Association army before the indecisive Second Battle of Newbury in 1644 led to recriminations...
Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester
Image by National Portrait Gallery

Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester

A portrait of Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester (1602-1671). Manchester commanded one of the main armies of the Parliamentarians during the English Civil Wars (1642-51) until he was discredited for his performance in the indecisive Second...
Stephenson's Rocket
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Stephenson's Rocket

The Rocket was a pioneering steam-powered locomotive invented in 1829 by the British engineer Robert Stephenson (1803-1859). For a cash prize, extensive competition trials were held to find the best locomotive in the Rainhill Trials. Rocket...
Second Battle of Newbury
Article by Mark Cartwright

Second Battle of Newbury

The Second Battle of Newbury on 27 October 1644 was a major battle during the English Civil Wars (1642-1651). There was no clear winner despite the Parliamentarians having a numerical advantage of 2:1. The seeming lack of coordination between...
British Industrial Revolution
Definition by Mark Cartwright

British Industrial Revolution

The British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) brought innovative mechanisation and deep social change. The process saw the invention of steam-powered machines, which were used in factories in ever-growing urban centres. Agriculture remained...
The Railways in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Railways in the British Industrial Revolution

The railways were perhaps the most visible element of the Industrial Revolution for many. Trains powered by steam engines carried goods and people faster than ever before and reached new destinations, connecting businesses to new markets...
The Impact of the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Impact of the British Industrial Revolution

The consequences of the British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) were many, varied, and long-lasting. Working life in rural and urban settings was changed forever by the inventions of new machines, the spread of factories, and the decline...
Social Change in the British Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

Social Change in the British Industrial Revolution

The British Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) witnessed a great number of technical innovations, such as steam-powered machines, which resulted in new working practices, which in turn brought many social changes. More women and children worked...
Stephenson's Rocket
Image by National Railway Museum, UK

Stephenson's Rocket

The Rocket locomotive steam engine was designed in 1829 by Robert Stephenson (1803-1859) during the Industrial Revolution. The locomotive won the 1829 Rainhill Trials and so was used to pull passenger carriages on the world's first intercity...
Gospel of John - Papyrus 52
Image by Photo Courtesy of JRUL

Gospel of John - Papyrus 52

An image of the ancient manuscript of the Gospel of John known as P52, or Papyrus 52. This is currently not only the oldest known manuscript of the Gospel of John, but the earliest known manuscript of the entire New Testament in general...
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