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William Tyndale
William Tyndale (l.c. 1494-1536) was a talented English linguist, scholar and priest who was the first to translate the Bible into English. Tyndale objected to the Catholic Church’s control of scripture in Latin and the prohibition against...
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Johannes Kepler by Mackenzie
A 19th-century engraving of the astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) by Frederick Mackenzie. (Smithsonian Libraries)
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Mycenaean Society
Mycenaean society was strictly hierarchical, valued family lineage, and awarded higher social status to those involved with religious or military activities and palatial administration. The lower classes contained craftsmen and artisans who...
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Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria of Great Britain (r. 1837-1901) was one of the most loved of all Britain's monarchs. Her longevity, devotion to her role as figurehead of an empire, and recovery from the death of her beloved husband Prince Albert won her a...
Definition
Council of Clermont
The Council of Clermont in central France was held in November 1095 and witnessed Pope Urban II's (r. 1088-1099) historic call for the First Crusade (1095-1102) to capture Jerusalem for Christendom from its Muslim occupiers. The Pope's speech...
Definition
Great Hall
The Great Hall was the architectural centrepiece of a medieval castle's interior and functioned as the social and administrative hub of the castle and its estates. With everyone dining and sleeping in the hall in its early days, the room...
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Luncheon of the Boating Party by Renoir
An 1881 oil on canvas, Luncheon of the Boating Party, by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) the French impressionist painter. A typical Renoir scene of relaxed young people of different classes in one of the artist’s favourite places, the...
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Lord Byron
A detail of a c. 1835 portrait by Thomas Phillips of Lord Byron (1788-1824) wearing Albanian clothing. (National Portrait Gallery, London)
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Ur-Nammu
Ur-Nammu (seated) bestows governorship on Ḫašḫamer, patesi (high priest) of Iškun-Sin (cylinder seal impression, c. 2100 BCE). Greenstone seal(clay impression of the cylinder seal) of Hashhamer, Governor of Ishkun-Sin. Third Dynasty...
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1903 Delhi Durbar
An illustration of the elephant procession at the Delhi Durbar of 1903. The durbar marked the accession of King Edward VII (r. 1900-1910).