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The Caucasian Frontier of the Roman Empire
A map showing the auxiliary forts located on the eastern end of the Black Sea during the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE). The Caucasus region was part of the eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire. About 131 CE, Arrian (as governor...
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The Didache: A Moral and Liturgical Document of Instruction
During the early years of Christianity, many of the church leaders or "Fathers" wrote down admonishments and instruction on what it meant to be a follower of Jesus as well as what liturgical ceremonies should be followed as a believer...
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Loki's Brood
Loki's Brood by the German artist Emil Doepler, illustration from page 43 of Walhall, die Götterwelt der Germanen, Martin Oldenbourg, Berlin. 1905. The drawing depicts the Norse god Loki's three children by the giantess Angrboda (shown...
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St. Hildegard Meeting St. Jutta of Sponheim
A depiction of St. Hildegard of Bingen (1098 - 1179 CE) going to the monastery at Disibodenberg, where she meets St. Jutta of Sponheim, who was to be her tutor. From the Benedictine Abbey of St. Hildegard in Eibingen, Germany. The monastic...
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Sasso Corbaro Castle, Bellinzona
The medieval Sasso Corbaro castle of Bellinzona, Ticino, Switzerland. The castle was developed and controlled by the Duchy of Milan when ruled by the Visconti (1277-1447 CE) and Sforza dynasties (1450-1535 CE).
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Ancient Egyptian Literature
Ancient Egyptian literature comprises a wide array of narrative and poetic forms including inscriptions on tombs, stele, obelisks, and temples; myths, stories, and legends; religious writings; philosophical works; wisdom literature; autobiographies...
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New Testament Text-Types
The books of the New Testament were written in the 1st century CE. As Christianity spread in the 2nd century CE, many copies were made, some by non-professionals. Early manuscripts are considered to be closer to the original than later manuscripts...