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Stirling Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Stirling Castle

Stirling Castle, located on a strategically important rocky outcrop by the River Forth in central Scotland, was a key royal residence from the late 11th century into the early modern period and subject to many battles and sieges, particularly...
Battle of Long Island
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Long Island

The Battle of Long Island (27 August 1776), or the Battle of Brooklyn, was an important battle of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). It resulted in the defeat of the Continental Army and led to the eventual British occupation of...
Monsters & Heroes of Scotland: Urquhart Castle on Loch Ness
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Monsters & Heroes of Scotland: Urquhart Castle on Loch Ness

Loch Ness is one of the most beautiful lakes in Scotland and no one needs the attraction of the mythical monster to enjoy a visit. The majestic ruins of Urquhart Castle and scenic landscape should be enough of a draw – but there is also the...
Trdat the Architect
Definition by James Blake Wiener

Trdat the Architect

“Trdat the Architect” or Tiridates (c. 940s-c. 1020s?) was a Armenian architect who is noted for his role in the reconstruction of the Hagia Sophia's dome in Constantinople following an earthquake in the 10th century CE, as well...
James IV of Scotland
Definition by Mark Cartwright

James IV of Scotland

James IV of Scotland ruled as king from 1488 to 1513. He succeeded his father James III of Scotland (r. 1460-1488) and became one of the most popular of the Stuart kings. James sought to apply justice in every corner of his realm, he created...
James II of Scotland
Definition by Mark Cartwright

James II of Scotland

James II of Scotland ruled as king from 1437 to 1460. Succeeding his murdered father James I of Scotland (r. 1406-1437), James inherited the throne as a child. The first part of his reign witnessed intense rivalries between rival barons...
Great Hall, Stirling Castle
Image by Rab-k

Great Hall, Stirling Castle

The Great Hall of Stirling Castle, Scotland. Built c. 1500 during the reign of James IV of Scotland (r. 1488-1513). The hall was destroyed but has since been restored to its original form, including the hammer-beam ceiling.
William Wallace
Definition by Mark Cartwright

William Wallace

Sir William Wallace (c. 1270-1305) was a Scottish knight and national hero who fought for his country's independence from England. Wallace famously led the Scots to victory against a larger English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in...
Edinburgh Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle, towering atop Castle Rock, has served Scotland for centuries, at one time or another acting as a fortress, royal residence, seat of government, armoury, and prison. The scene of countless sieges, royal births and deaths...
Stirling Castle Gatehouse
Image by Holly Hayes

Stirling Castle Gatehouse

The main gatehouse (aka Forecourt) of Stirling Castle in central Scotland. It was built during the reign of James IV of Scotland (r. 1488-1513) and was originally taller.
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