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Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius of Loyola
Exercitia Spiritualia by Ignatius of Loyola, engraving by Gilles Rousselet, 1644.
Loyola University Museum of Art, Chicago.
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Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
Medieval manuscript Gilles Li Muisis, c. 1350 CE
MS 13076-77, fol. 12v Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique.
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Pontbriand Coat of Arms
The full coat of arms of the Pontbriand family of France From the chapel built by Gilles and Francois Pontbriand in the Basilica of Notre Dame, Cléry-Saint-André, France. The chapel was built between 1515 and 1518 CE.
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Venus of Brassempouy
The Venus of Brassempouy is one of the earliest known realistic representations of a human face. It belongs to the Gravettian culture of Upper Palaeolithic Europe and was probably carved between c. 26,000 and c. 24,000 years ago. It was made...
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First Crusade
The First Crusade (1095-1102) was a military campaign by western European forces to recapture the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. Conceived by Pope Urban II following an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I...
Definition
Helena of Constantinople
Saint Helena of Constantinople (248/250-328 CE) was the mother of Roman emperor Constantine I (r. 306-337 CE). She famously made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem where tradition claims found Christ's true cross and built the Basilica of the Holy...
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The Siege of Antioch, 1097-98 CE
The siege of Antioch in 1097-1098 CE occurred during the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) when the western Crusader knights were on their way to retake Jerusalem. The great metropolis of Antioch in northern Syria was heavily fortified, and it...
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The Dutch Discovery of Australia
17th-century Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) navigators were the first Europeans to set foot on Australian soil. Although there is a strong theory that the Portuguese explorer, Cristóvão de Mendonça (1475-1532...
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Battle of Arcole
The Battle of Arcole (15-17 November 1796), or Arcola, was a three-day battle fought between Napoleon Bonaparte's French Army of Italy and an Austrian army under József Alvinczi. Part of Napoleon's Italian Campaign, the battle foiled Austria's...