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Joséphine de Beauharnais
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763-1814) was a French noblewoman who was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). She was therefore Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until the annulment of her marriage on 10 January 1810, as well...
Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny
Image by Saint Louis Art Museum

Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny

Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny (1519–1572), oil on wood portrait by François Clouet, c. 1565-70. Saint Louis Art Museum.
Death of Admiral Coligny
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Death of Admiral Coligny

The assassination attempt on Gaspard II de Coligny, Admiral of France (l. 1519-1572) on 22 August 1572 was the spark igniting the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre beginning on 24 August and continuing in Paris for the next five days and elsewhere...
Franz Liszt in 1886
Image by Nadar

Franz Liszt in 1886

An 1886 photograph of the Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt (1811-1886). Taken by Nadar (Gaspard-Félix Tournachon).
Death of Admiral de Coligny
Image by Joseph Martin Kronheim

Death of Admiral de Coligny

Death of Admiral de Coligny, illustration of the murder of Gaspard II de Coligny, Admiral of France (l. 1519-1572) during the St. Bartholomew's Day Masscacre in the Book of Martyrs by John Foxe, illustrated by Joseph Martin Kronheim, 1887.
Catherine de' Medici
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Catherine de' Medici

Catherine de' Medici (l. 1519-1589) was the queen of France, mother of three kings and two queens and, between 1559 and c. 1576, the most powerful woman in France and, possibly, all of Europe. She was the strength behind the French throne...
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a widespread slaughter of French Protestants (Huguenots) by Catholics beginning on 24 August 1572 and lasting over two months, resulting in the deaths of between 5,000 and 25,000 people. It began in...
French Wars of Religion
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) were a series of eight conflicts between Protestant and Catholic factions in France lasting 36 years and concluding with the Protestant King Henry IV of France (r. 1589-1610) converting to Catholicism...
Napoleon's Campaign in Egypt and Syria
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Napoleon's Campaign in Egypt and Syria

The French Expedition to Egypt and Syria (1798-1801), led by Napoleon Bonaparte, aimed to establish a French colony in Egypt and to threaten British possessions in India. Despite initial French victories, the campaign ultimately ended in...
Maurice Ravel
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Maurice Ravel

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) was a French composer of classical music best known for his innovative piano pieces and orchestral works like Bolero and Daphnis et Chloé. Sometimes called an 'impressionist' composer, much was made of a practically...
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