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Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle, towering atop Castle Rock, has served Scotland for centuries, at one time or another acting as a fortress, royal residence, seat of government, armoury, and prison. The scene of countless sieges, royal births and deaths...
Definition
David Hume
David Hume (1711-1776) was a Scottish philosopher, writer, historian, and important figure in the Enlightenment. Hume presented a positive view of human nature but a sceptical view of religion's usefulness. His Treatise of Human Nature was...
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Battle of Dunbar in 1650
The battle of Dunbar on 3 September 1650 between the English Parliament's New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) and Scotland's army led by David Leslie (c. 1600-1682) was one of the last major battles of the English Civil Wars...
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith (1723-1790) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and leading Enlightenment figure. In The Wealth of Nations, he advocates free trade and limited interference in markets by governments, for which he is seen as the founder of liberal...
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Map of the First Crusade Routes
"This map shows the main routes taken by those who joined the First Crusade. The appeal was made by Pope Urban II in November 1095 CE but crusaders did not set out until the following summer. One route went through Hungary crossing the Byzantine...
Article
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
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Plan of Edinburgh Castle
A plan of the buildings and layout of Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. Although occupied since the Bronze Age and site of a medieval castle from the 11th century, most of the structures today date from around 1500 with additions and modifications...
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Chapel of Saint Margaret of Scotland, Edinburgh
The Chapel of Saint Margaret of Scotland in Edinburgh Castle. Queen Margaret (c. 1046-1093 CE) was the wife of Malcolm III of Scotland (r. 1058-1093 CE) from 1070 CE to 1093 CE.
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Half Moon Battery, Edinburgh Castle
The Half Moon Battery of Edinburgh Castle, Scotland. 16-17th century.
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John Knox House, Edinburgh, Scotland
John Knox House, High Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. Allegedly, the house in which Scottish reformer John Knox spent his last years and died.