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Bone Rank System
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Bone Rank System

The Bone Rank System (Golpum or Kolpum) of ancient Korea was used in the Silla kingdom (57 BCE – 935 CE) in order to signal a person's political rank and social status. Membership of a particular rank within the system was extremely...
Native American Concept of Land Ownership
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Native American Concept of Land Ownership

The Native American concept of land ownership differs significantly from that of the European settlers who colonized the Americas or their descendants in that land could not be owned, only stewarded and lived with. The Earth is understood...
Queen Seondeok
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Queen Seondeok

Queen Seondeok (Sondok) ruled the ancient kingdom of Silla from 632 to 647 CE and was the first female sovereign in ancient Korea. Silla was on the verge of dominating the whole of the Korean peninsula and Seondeok helped progress her kingdom...
Silla
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Silla

The Silla kingdom ruled south-eastern Korea during the Three Kingdoms period from the 1st century BCE to 7th century CE. The capital was Geumseong (Gyeongju) with a centralised government and hierarchical system of social ranks. The prosperity...
Hwarang
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Hwarang

The hwarang was a state-sponsored organisation for the education of elite young males in the ancient kingdom of Silla, Korea. Variously translated as the 'Flower Boys,' 'Flowering Youth,' or 'Elite Youth' (and sometimes, too, the rather misleading...
Three Kingdoms Period in Korea
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Three Kingdoms Period in Korea

The Three Kingdoms Period of ancient Korea (57 BCE – 668 CE) is so-called because it was dominated by the three kingdoms of Baekje (Paekche), Goguryeo (Koguryo), and Silla. There was also, though, a fourth entity, the Gaya (Kaya) confederation...
Ancient Korean Architecture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Korean Architecture

The architecture of ancient Korea is epitomised by the artful combination of wood and stone to create elegant and spacious multi-roomed structures characterised by clay tile roofing, enclosures within protective walls, interior courtyards...
Unified Silla Kingdom
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Unified Silla Kingdom

The Unified Silla Kingdom (668- 935 CE) was the first dynasty to rule over the whole of the Korean peninsula. After centuries of battles with the other states of the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE - 668 CE) Silla benefitted from the help of...
Outside View of Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf, Iraq
Image by U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 1st Class Arlo K. Abrahamson

Outside View of Imam Ali Shrine in Najaf, Iraq

Facade of the Meshed Ali, Najaf, Iraq Original description: 030408-N-5362A-002 Near Al Najaf, Iraq (April 08, 2003) — The holy Shiite Muslim shrine (Dareeh) of the Caliph/Imam Ali (r. 656-661 CE) sits in Najaf. U.S. Navy photo by...
Korean Celadon Pottery
Article by Mark Cartwright

Korean Celadon Pottery

The celadon (or greenware) ceramics produced in ancient Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392 CE), are regarded as some of the finest and most elegant pottery pieces produced anywhere. With a pale green lustre reminiscent of jade and...
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