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The History of Champagne
Wine has been made for over 7,000 years, and effervescent wine for just as long since sealing wine before the fermentation is complete will naturally produce it. True sparkling wine, though, a wine that is clear from cloudy impurities, was...
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Chalk Cellars of Champagne Pannier
A view of the chalk cellars of Champagne Pannier, France.
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Champagne Mercier Invoice
A detail of the letterhead of a Mercier Champagne invoice, dated 1905.
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Champagne Muselet and Capsule
A champagne muselet (wire cage) and capsule, used to keep the cork in place.
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Roses in a Champagne Glass
A c. 1882 oil on canvas painting, Roses in a Champagne Glass, by Edouard Manet (1832-83), the French modernist painter. One of the artist's last paintings when he was studio-bound due to illness. Friends brought the artist flowers daily and...
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Heidsieck Champagne Poster by Mucha
A detail of a 1901 poster advertising Champagne Heidsieck by Alphonse Mucha.
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Dom Pérignon Champagne
A bottle of Dom Pérignon Champagne and flutes.
Article
Trade in Medieval Europe
Trade and commerce in the medieval world developed to such an extent that even relatively small communities had access to weekly markets and, perhaps a day's travel away, larger but less frequent fairs, where the full range of consumer goods...
Definition
Medieval Literature
Medieval literature is defined broadly as any work written in Latin or the vernacular between c. 476-1500, including philosophy, religious treatises, legal texts, as well as works of the imagination. More narrowly, however, the term applies...
Definition
Cathars
The Cathars (also known as Cathari from the Greek Katharoi for “pure ones”) were a dualist medieval religious sect of Southern France which flourished in the 12th century and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church. They were also...