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Gertrude Bell
Gertrude Bell (l. 1868-1926) was an archaeologist, travel writer, explorer, and political administrator responsible for creating the borders of the countries of the Near East after World War I and, especially, for the foundation of the modern...
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Saddam Hussein Plaque in Babylon
Modern mud-brick in a wall which was inscribed with Arabic language that mentions the name of Saddam Hussein as the president and protector of the great Iraq, who had re-built Babylon in 1987-1988 CE .” This brick documents the first and...
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Gerf Hussein Temple, Egypt
The free-standing courtyard of Gerf Hussein temple in New Kalabsha near Aswan in southern Egypt. This temple was erected by Setau, the Viceroy of Kush, on behalf of pharaoh Ramesses II (r. 1279-1213 BCE) in Lower Nubia. It was dedicated to...
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Ramesses II from Gerf Hussein
Statue of Ramesses II (r. 1279-1213 BCE), one of several such figures that acted as pillars in the forecourt of the temple of Gerf Hussein in Nubia. The temple, dedicated to Ptah and Hathor and built by Setau, Viceroy of Nubia, consisted...
Article
Sailing on Lake Nasser towards Abu Simbel
In ancient times, the First Cataract at Aswan marked the southern frontier of Egypt. Beyond lay the land of Nubia, which stretched along the river Nile from the First Cataract southwards for about 250 kilometres (155 mi). This region, known...
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The Iraq Museum & Three Wars: Three Steps from Hell
This article documents and elaborates on the many critical behind-the-scenes events, unknown to the public, before the history leaves us. The author The bulk of the “the land between the two rivers” lies in what we call today the...
Definition
Moses
Moses (c. 1400 BCE) is considered one of the most important religious leaders in world history. He is claimed by the religions of Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Bahai as an important prophet of God and the founder of monotheistic belief...
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Visiting the Ancient City of Babylon
We had a 4-day national holiday. Meaning what? No clinic and no hospital! I said to myself, “It's been a long time since I have visited Babylonia.” I drove my car for about 11 hours, continuously. Finally, I was there. I went...
Definition
Babylon
Babylon is the most famous city from ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-day Iraq 59 miles (94 km) southwest of Baghdad. The name is derived from bav-il or bav-ilim, which in Akkadian meant "Gate of God" (or "Gate of the Gods"...
Definition
Ziggurat
A ziggurat is a form of monumental architecture originating in ancient Mesopotamia which usually had a rectangular base and was built in a series of steps up to a flat platform upon which a temple was raised. The ziggurat was an artificial...