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After Thermopylae: The Oath of Plataea and the End of the Graeco-Persian Wars (Emblems of Antiquity) Reprint Edition

by Paul Cartledge (Author)
4.0 4.0 out of 5 stars 52 ratings
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The Battle of Plataea in 479 BCE is one of world history's unjustly neglected events. It decisively ended the threat of a Persian conquest of Greece. It involved tens of thousands of combatants, including the largest number of Greeks ever brought together in a common cause. For the Spartans, the driving force behind the Greek victory, the battle was sweet vengeance for their defeat at Thermopylae the year before. Why has this pivotal battle been so overlooked?

In After Thermopylae, Paul Cartledge masterfully reopens one of the great puzzles of ancient Greece to discover, as much as possible, what happened on the field of battle and, just as important, what happened to its memory. Part of the answer to these questions, Cartledge argues, can be found in a little-known oath reputedly sworn by the leaders of Athens, Sparta, and several other Greek city-states prior to the battle-the Oath of Plataea. Through an analysis of this oath, Cartledge provides a wealth of insight into ancient Greek culture. He shows, for example, that when the Athenians and Spartans were not fighting the Persians they were fighting themselves, including a propaganda war for control of the memory of Greece's defeat of the Persians. This helps explain why today we readily remember the Athenian-led victories at Marathon and Salamis but not Sparta's victory at Plataea. Indeed, the Oath illuminates Greek anxieties over historical memory and over the Athens-Sparta rivalry, which would erupt fifty years after Plataea in the Peloponnesian War. In addition, because the Oath was ultimately a religious document, Cartledge also uses it to highlight the profound role of religion and myth in ancient Greek life. With compelling and eye-opening detective work, After Thermopylae provides a long-overdue history of the Battle of Plataea and a rich portrait of the Greek ethos during one of the most critical periods in ancient history.
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  1. ISBN-10
    0199747326
  2. ISBN-13
    978-0199747320
  3. Edition
    Reprint
  4. Publisher
    Oxford University Press
  5. Publication date
    June 6, 2013
  6. Part of series
    Emblems of Antiquity
  7. Language
    English
  8. Dimensions
    8.3 x 0.9 x 5.6 inches
  9. Print length
    240 pages
  10. See all details
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Editorial Reviews

Review

"Well-written, and comprehensive scholarship that we have come to expect from Paul Cartledge. His endeavour has produced a carefully and well-researched book, which stands as an important contribution not only to ancient Greek warfare but also to the larger issues of reception and cultural memory." --Bryn Mawr Classical Review

"Filled with rich detail, interesting etymologies, and wonderful contrasts, this work is a reminder that history (as readers are reminded, a term initiated by Herodotus, meaning 'enquiry') is subject to interpretation, manipulation, and exploitation. ... Well argued, thoughtful, and accessible, this will be welcomed by any generalist interested in the Persian Wars and their social, political, and religious context." --Library Journal

"A superb account of the Persian wars and their aftermath, easily the best that I have yet encountered in so small a volume." --Peter Jones, BBC History magazine

"A thoughtful and engaging starting-point for anyone interested not only in the Graeco-Persian Wars, but also in the way future generations use the memory of war." --Military History Monthly

"A quick, engaging, and enjoyable read... an important addition to our understanding of the Graeco-Persian Wars and the cultural ethos of the ancient Greeks. For those interested in the Graeco-Persian Wars and how the Greeks came to understand their own history, it is a book well worth the read." --Nikolaus Overtoom, H-War

"Cartledge, in his latest work, has extricated the battle from where it has languished as 'unheralded,' and elevated it to a position in which it is firmly entrenched in the pantheon of the other celebrated Greek battles... This is an excellent work for anyone interested in the history of the Greeks or in historical memory." --Strategy Page

"After Thermopylae is a historical detective story, unraveling the mysteries of the Oath of Plataea, one of the most famous but least understood documents in Greek history. Paul Cartledge tears away the veil of myths that the Greeks wove around their great victory over the Persians at Plataea to expose a fascinating, unsuspected story of ancient culture wars. Essential reading for anyone interested in the politics of the past." --Ian Morris, author of Why the West Rules--For Now

"As a student of the Battle of Salamis, I was fascinated by this account, by a distinguished historian, of the Battle of Plataea and its afterlife. Like today, ancient Greece had its culture wars-and memory wars." --Barry Strauss, author of The Spartacus War and The Battle of Salamis

"The solemn oath which the Athenians are said to have sworn as they prepared to fight the Persians at the Battle of Plataea is one of the most interesting documents to survive from classical antiquity. "IAfter Thermopylae vividly explores the remarkable story of the battle -- a more significant turning point in history than the famous clashes that preceded it -- and its afterlife. This fascinating material deserves to be much better known, and no one is better than Paul Cartledge at making ancient history accessible to a wide audience." --Hans van Wees, author of Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities

Book Description

A renowned ancient historian offers an illuminating account of one of history's great forgotten battles and its aftermath.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (June 6, 2013)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 240 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0199747326
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0199747320
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 15.4 ounces
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8.3 x 0.9 x 5.6 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.0 4.0 out of 5 stars 52 ratings

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Paul Cartledge

Paul Cartledge

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Paul Cartledge is the inaugural A.G. Leventis Professor of Greek Culture in the Faculty of Classics at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Clare College. He is also Hellenic Parliament Global Distinguished Professor in the History and Theory of Democracy at New York University. He written and edited over 20 books, many of which have been translated into foreign languages. He is an honorary citizen of modern Sparta and holds the Gold Cross of the Order of Honor awarded by the President of Greece.

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4 out of 5 stars
4 out of 5
52 global ratings

Top reviews from the United States

Guy Bowman
5.0 out of 5 stars A must have for your ancient history library
Reviewed in the United States on June 12, 2013
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As usual Paul Cartledge delivers. His scholarship is superb. And it's always worth the time combing thru his bibliography at the back of the book to check on sources for further reading. Cartledge can be a bit cynical and skeptical about others' interpretations of events. These are good traits in an historian of this era as many try to take the meagre historical accounts and scarce archeological evidence to weave a tale of wishful thinking. Cartledge is careful about the evidence. In this book he talks about the archeological discovery not far from Athens where a stone was discovered bearing an 'Oath of Plataea' supposedly taken by the allies in the Persian wars pledging mutual self-defense. As one might guess, the story behind this particular stone is not that simple and not simply a pledge of Greek patriotism. Athenian rivalry with Sparta, empire building and propaganda wars over the legacy of the great battle of Plataea that stemmed the Persian tide in the Aegean are a part of the fog surrounding this version of the oath. Cartledge gives us a backdrop of the cultural and political complications of the time. He also explains what we actually know about the battle itself. An extremely useful study.
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JPS
4.0 out of 5 stars History, hype, propaganda and spin...
Reviewed in the United States on January 7, 2014
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The purpose of this book, which is part of the "Emblems of Antiquity" Series (just like The Throne of Adulis from G. Bowersock), is to present and discuss the so-called Oath of Plataea, which, together with another oath, was engraved on a stele in Attica. Paul Cartledge makes a very convincing case for this stele being dedicated sometime during the third quarter of the fourth century, more precisely after the catastrophic defeat of Chaeronea against Philip, King of Macedonia (and the young Alexander).

Accordingly, Professor Cartledge shows that it is not a genuine commemoration set up shortly after the victory of Plataea. Its purposes are quite different and have more to do with hype, politics, propaganda and spin. It is part of the competition between Athens and Sparta that had been going on for almost a century and a half to be seen as the main contributor to and guarantor of the freedom of the Greeks. It also needs to be set within the context of the fourth century, shortly after 338 BC, when the Athenians could do with a bit of morale boasting. The author even goes as far as to see the "hidden hand" of Lycurgus, the Athenian statesman who did so much to rebuild the finances and the navy of Athens after Chaeronea. This meant re-writing history. It also required quite a bit of myth-building and gliding over a number of unpleasant "episodes" during which the behaviours of one or the other city had not exactly been what could be expected from such PanHellenic "freedom fighters."

A second level of analysis is a discussion on the real significance of the victory of "the Greeks" at Plataea in the context of the "Persian Wars" (as the Greeks called them) and to whom the credit for this remarkable victory should go.

Interestingly, he shows to what extent the PanHellenic alliance that grouped together those fighting against the Persian invasion was a (small) subset of "the Greeks", with some 30 cities taking part out of perhaps a total of seven hundred. The others were either neutral (such as Argos, because it was so bitterly "anti-Spartan") or "medizing", meaning that they had in fact sided with the invader (such as Thebes and almost all of the Beotian League, with the exceptions being Thespiae and Plataea, both cities being destroyed by Thebes for having sided against it and against the Persian invader). At times, however, Paul Cartledge can become prone to exaggeration and over-reaching a bit to get his point across. One example here is his claim that there were actually more Greeks fighting at Plataea on the Persian side than on the "Greek" one. This does not seem to have been the case, at least according to the author's own estimates of the two opposing armies (20000 "medizing" Greeks for some 70000 "loyalists", as Cartledge calls them).

Apart from the campaign and the battle itself, where the author shows rather brilliantly that it was "a damn close run thing" than "the Greeks" could certainly have lost, another very interesting (and controversial) discussion is about the significance of this victory. The case made here by Paul Cartledge is that Plataea was the decisive victory that "liberated" Greece and that most of the credit for it goes to the Spartans, including their rather inexperienced Regent Pausanias (Was he really that "inexperienced", by the way? Did he have no previous military experience at all? This is another point that is stated, rather than demonstrated by the author). According to the author, the reason why one hears much more about Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis, with the latter presented as THE decisive victory, and too little about Plataea, has to do with successful Athenian propaganda which managed to eclipse the war's most decisive - but mostly Spartan - victory and to over-emphasise a glorious Spartan defeat (but a defeat nonetheless) and two resounding triumphs where the Athenians very much played the main and leading role.

The case is well argued, but not entirely convincing. The opposite case (the real decisive victory was Salamis) can (and has) also be made just as convincingly, although this is not something that the author fully acknowledges. The problem here, as the author is honest enough to mention, is that there would have been no battle at Plataea if the victory at Salamis had not taken place before. So while it was clearly because of the victory of Plataea that the Persians evacuated Greece (and not because of Salamis alone, contrary to what the Athenians claimed and wanted other Greeks to believe afterwards), never to return, it simply would not have happened if the Persian Empire's fleet had not been defeated before-hand. The reason for this, which the author does not explicitly mention, is that the Spartans and the Peloponnesians were extremely reluctant to move north and help the Athenians as long as there was a risk than the Persian Empire's fleet could cut off their retreat and land forces behind them. They even had to be pressured by the Athenians to do so (after Athens had been taken a second time, and this time destroyed, by the Persian army) when these threatened to accept Mardonius' terms, to quit the PanHellenic alliance and leave the Peloponnesians on their own.

A related point - that the Persians never invaded again - was assured by the other Athenian victory of Mycale where another part of the Persian Empire's fleet was destroyed. Paul Cartledge, a bit naughtily, dismisses this as a "mopping-up" operation without any further explanation. In particular, by the time the amphibious attack took place at Mycale, the Phoenician squadrons, that is the most experienced and most feared part of the Persian fleet, had already left for home. Even if the engagement was not as important as Herodotus depicts it to be (and this would NOT be, by far, the first of his exagerations), its aftermath - the revolt of Ionia - certainly was of huge consequence since it prevented the Persians from invading Greece again. Incidentally, however, the battle of Mycale also shows that only a fraction of the Persian fleet had been destroyed at Salamis, therefore somewhat limiting the claim that this was the "decisive" victory.

Another well-made, but not entirely convincing point is the author's discussion of the rivalry between Sparta and Athens. He shows quite brilliantly how quickly the alliance dissolved after the war (within a couple of years). The myth building and commemoration of Plataea and the rivalry between the old Greek Hegemon (Sparta) and its "new" upstart competing power (Athens - the "new kid on the block") is also superbly presented. What is less convincing, perhaps, is the impression that this rivalry only emerged after the war was won. In fact, it seems to have preceded the war and started with the growth of Athens (in terms of population and richness) and of its democratic regime (which was "anathema" to the "law and order" Spartans, as Cartledge puts it so aptly). It was also very present during the conflict. This created an atmosphere of distrust and mutual suspicion during the whole conflict and the Persians tried to benefit from it several times. Perhaps even more than giving credit where credit is due, the most amazing feature is that the whole war between what was the Superpower of the time and a small collection of bitterly divided cities ended in the victory of the later.

To conclude this over-long review of a fascinating, but perhaps too short book, this is certainly a "must read". Written in an engaging style, it is a book for classicists but also for non-specialist readers, provided they have a fairly good knowledge about the Persian Wars, classical Greece and historiography. For those who might not have this kind of background, what is in a way a "pro-Spartan" read should be completed by the "pro-Athenian" interpretations of the same events. These can be found, for instance, in Peter Green's "the Greco-Persian Wars". Four solid stars, but not quite five...
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Oluf Tang Engelund
3.0 out of 5 stars Interesting but also a bit disappointing
Reviewed in the United States on May 26, 2015
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It's interesting though the author's writing style is frankly annoying: a lot of strange side notes that seem irrelevant. I thought the book would somehow address, why the battle at Plataea is lesser known than the other battles, but it doesn't really address that. In the end, I was confused about what the point of the book was. It seemed unstructured with no clear purpose.
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Jamesdrevell
5.0 out of 5 stars A throughly enjoyable read.
Reviewed in the United States on December 6, 2014
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A clear and concise overview of the period directly following Thermoplae. I especially enjoy reading Paul Cartlege's books. I also have read Thermopylea by him.
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Marcel Dupasquier
5.0 out of 5 stars The Oath of Plataea and also the Battle of Plataea and the Reception of the Persian Wars
Reviewed in the United States on April 25, 2021
In this book, Paul Cartledge discusses the oath of Plataea, an ephebic oath; an oath sworn by the fighters to fight for and not to abandon their city, written on a marble stele at Acharnai. In the second chapter, after the first chapter or introduction introduces the different chapters, Paul Cartledge, presents the text of the oath, looks at its authenticity and summarizes that the oath is most likely not authentic to the time shortly before the battle of Platea 479 BCE, but probably was produced after the defeat at the battle of Chaeronea 338 BCE, when the Athenians reorganized the ephebate, the military training of their youth.

The third chapter then looks at religious oaths and the Greeks swearing on the Gods in general. In the Greek world, religion was permeating everything. This chapter is followed by the fourth chapter, which is a short but concise introduction into the, what Paul Cartledge calls "the Greco-Persian Wars". This presentation of the Persian Wars on about thirty pages is solid, and it ends just before the five battles of 480 and 479. These are then covered in the fifth chapter, namely the twin battle of Thermopylae and Artemisium, the battle of Salamis, and the battles of Plataea and Mycale, reportedly fought on the same day. The battle of Plataea is called by Paul Cartledge rightly the most devise battle of the Persian Wars, but it is often overlooked as such. In the sixth chapter, Paul Cartledge then looks at the memorization of the Persian Wars, for which the oath plays a crucial part.

To commemorate the victories of the Hellenes over the Persians, monuments at Panhellenic sanctuaries, such as the serpent’s column at Delphi or a Zeus statue at Olympia, were commissioned. However, these Panhellenic efforts were very soon dropped and every city-state tried to present their achievements in the best light. The Spartan poet Simonides for example wrote an epic poem in line with the Iliad paralleling the Spartans to the Greeks and the Spartan regent and general Pausanias to Achilles. The piece was only discovered about twenty years ago. Herodotus, mentioning that he thought that the Athenians had made the biggest contribution to the victory, nevertheless still mentioned the Spartans contribution to the battle of Plataea. On the Parthenon, only the Athenian deed in killing the Persian cavalry commander was displayed as important. Even later the Athenian Funeral speeches would almost uniquely stress the Athenian heroism. And after the lost battle of Chaeronea and while Athens was controlled by Alexander the Great, Lycurgus appealed to Athenian pride while he introduced the ephebate, where the eighteen- and nineteen-year-old Athenians were organized into a compulsory military and had to swear an oath to that. The oath of Plataea fits into this context.

In a concluding seventh chapter, Paul Cartledge then looks at the stylization of the Persian Wars as a clash between west and east through the ages. An extensive “Further Reading” section completes the work. All in all, this is a good work about the Persian Wars, especially it’s deciding battle at Plataea, it’s reception in the following two hundred years and down to now, and Greek religious practices. It is a fine book that I could read in four days.
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Top reviews from other countries

E. Hoogland
3.0 out of 5 stars This time, Cartledge is slightly off the mark
Reviewed in Germany on May 15, 2017
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I am a huge fan of Paul Cartledge. I love the way he puts things in a larger context, and how he often takes a surprising - and surprisingly interesting - perspective. For example, a pro-Spartan view. Or a rather more balanced view of the Persians than one usually comes across. Moreover, he has a great nose for spotting a good story and he knows how to write one. What's not to like?

This time, he is slightly off the mark though. The idea is great: the oath of Platea as a classical detective story. However, as Cartledge points out at page 4 of the introduction: the text should not be regarded as an oath taken prior to the battle of Platea. Rather, it was an instrument in a propaganda war, manufactured a couple of decades after the event. Interesting! Tell me more! However, and this is where things go wrong, the chapters that follow still seem to follow the original - but by now obsolete - starting point and tell us about the developments leading up to the battle of Platea, the role of oaths in Greek religion and warfare, etc. Interesting as this may be in its own right, the material presented in the book is not substantiating the hypothesis. Still, the hypothesis is truly Cartledge-interesting. It just leaves me wondering why I should have read beyond the introduction.
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Jim Nixon
5.0 out of 5 stars Missed opportunities
Reviewed in Canada on June 13, 2014
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A missed opportunity for the Greeks to move on to a unified nation.
Politics at its worst which led to years of vicious war.
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John Greeves
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on March 28, 2015
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A very useful book for research into this period of history
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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in Canada on March 9, 2017
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Awesome condition!
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lady jane grey
4.0 out of 5 stars all about oaths
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on June 8, 2015
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interesting account regarding the oath but very little information about the actual battle.
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